Earth Talk: Forever chemicals

Dear EarthTalk: If “forever chemicals” are so bad, why are they allowed in the U.S? – J.T. via email

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, better known as PFAS and often referred to as “forever chemicals,” are synthetic chemicals found in thousands of products. Known for their durability and resistance to heat, water and oil, they have been used for decades in items like non-stick cookware, waterproof clothing, food packaging and firefighting foam. Their widespread use has led to severe environmental and health concerns, with contamination now as a global crisis affecting millions of people.

PFAS are called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in the human body or environment. Research links them to a range of health issues, including cancer, liver damage, immune system suppression and developmental issues in children. These chemicals contaminate soil and water. In fact, studies find them in the blood of nearly all Americans.

Given their dangers, many people wonder why PFAS haven’t been banned nationwide. They are regulated through multiple agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration, making consistent nationwide action difficult. Also, their industrial importance — particularly their ability to withstand extreme conditions — makes them hard to replace in certain sectors. As a result, the U.S. government has taken a cautious, gradual approach rather than an outright ban.

Still, the tide may be turning. In 2023, the EPA finalized enforceable limits for six types of PFAS in drinking water, marking a major step toward stricter regulation. Meanwhile, several states, including Maine and California, have implemented their own laws to restrict PFAS in consumer products like cosmetics, textiles and...