Missiles of ambition: India’s arsenal is changing the game – are you paying attention?

Its nuclear triad, supersonic cruise missiles, and domestic production have placed India among the leading global missile powers

India is assembling a missile arsenal on a scale and with a degree of strategic depth that places it among the most consequential military powers of the emerging multipolar order. Its security calculus is defined by the requirement to sustain credible deterrence against two nuclear-armed states simultaneously: Pakistan to the west, bound to India through a history of partition, territorial disputes, and recurring military crises, and China to the north and east, whose expanding conventional and strategic capabilities intersect with unresolved border tensions. Within this compressed and highly militarized environment, missile development has assumed structural importance in national defense planning.

Over several decades, New Delhi has advanced from fielding limited-range battlefield systems to deploying a layered architecture that includes short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles, intercontinental-range platforms, sea-based nuclear delivery systems, and supersonic cruise missiles adaptable to land, sea, and air launch configurations. 

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Land-based ballistic missiles: Building the core deterrent

India’s contemporary missile posture rests upon decades of sustained technological development that extends beyond purely military applications. Since 1994, the country has possessed the capability to place payloads into orbit using domestically developed launch vehicles, becoming the eighth nation to independently deploy satellites. This achievement emerged from earlier cooperation with the Soviet Union in the 1970s on satellite creation, followed by the gradual consolidation of indigenous design, engineering, and manufacturing capacities. The resulting industrial base now enables Indian companies to produce a wide spectrum of ballistic missile systems, including long-range platforms designed for intercontinental reach, with current production priorities focused on systems capable of ranges up to 8,000 kilometers.

Such capabilities reflect an integrated technological ecosystem in which civilian space launch experience, propulsion research, guidance systems, and materials engineering contribute directly to strategic missile development. The accumulation of this expertise has permitted India to advance through successive generations of ballistic systems, expanding both range and payload sophistication while refining survivability and operational flexibility.

India’s land-based ballistic missile forces constitute the central pillar of its strategic deterrent architecture, having evolved through a sequence of progressively more capable systems developed over several decades. The first successful national project in this domain was the Prithvi SS-150 operational-tactical missile system, designed with a range of 150 kilometers and conceptually comparable to the Soviet SCUD platform. The Prithvi conducted its first flight in 1988, and multiple variants remain in service today, with ranges extending to approximately 250 kilometers. Although capable of carrying a nuclear warhead, the system is primarily intended for conventional use in limited theaters of operation, including border regions adjacent to Pakistan-administered Kashmir and China’s Tibet region.

The requirement to hold targets at greater depth within Pakistan and China led to the launch of the Agni program in the 1980s, focused on the development of long-range solid-fuel ballistic missiles. The Agni-I, which first flew in 1989, offers a range of approximately 1,200 kilometers and is equipped with a nuclear warhead. At least 70 such missiles are deployed, supported by mobile launch platforms mounted on trucks or rail systems, enabling flexible basing and survivability across Indian territory.

Further range expansion was achieved with the introduction of the Agni-II in 2002, extending strike capability to approximately 2,500 kilometers. This mobile system, derived from the Agni-I design lineage, provides coverage against targets in central and western China while maintaining the operational flexibility associated with road- and rail-mobile deployment. Continued development within the program produced the Agni-III by 2006, with a range of up to 5,000 kilometers, establishing a robust regional deterrent framework.

READ MORE: Nuclear neighbors and a two‑front threat: Why India needs a rocket force

Subsequent iterations, including the Agni-IV and Agni-V, extended India’s reach into the intercontinental domain. The Agni-V, capable of ranges up to 8,000 kilometers, incorporates a Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV) payload, enabling a single missile to carry several warheads assigned to distinct targets. Deployment began around 2018, and current assessments indicate that India possesses several dozen of these systems. Ongoing technological refinement within the Agni-V framework includes efforts to enhance accuracy and expand operational options, including non-nuclear variants intended for calibrated responses in limited-intensity scenarios.

Through the layered development of the Prithvi and successive Agni systems, India has constructed a land-based missile force that spans tactical, intermediate, and intercontinental ranges, forming the core of its deterrent posture.

The naval leg: completing the nuclear triad

The maritime component of India’s strategic forces has been developed to provide a survivable second-strike capability anchored in sea-based nuclear platforms. This effort materialized through the induction of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines under the Arihant-class submarine program, marking a decisive step toward the operationalization of a full nuclear triad. The lead vessel, INS Aridhaman, is expected to enter service in April-May of this year following an extended period of design, testing, and sea trials, establishing the foundational infrastructure for continuous at sea deterrence patrols.

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These submarines are equipped with submarine-launched ballistic missiles developed domestically under the supervision of the Defence Research and Development Organisation, integrating naval propulsion expertise with advanced missile engineering. The initial deployed system, the K-15 Sagarika, provides a range of approximately 750 kilometers and represents India’s first operational sea-based nuclear delivery platform. Subsequent development introduced the K-4, extending the reach of India’s submarine force to roughly 3,500 kilometers and thereby enabling coverage of more distant strategic targets from secure patrol areas.

The induction of additional submarines, including INS Aridhaman, reflects a sustained effort to expand fleet size and improve patrol sustainability, reinforcing the credibility of sea-based deterrence through redundancy and operational depth. As these assets integrate into the command structure of the Indian Navy, they provide a continuously deployable platform capable of withstanding a first strike and ensuring retaliatory capacity.

Through the deployment of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines armed with progressively longer-range SLBMs, India has established the maritime leg of its nuclear triad, embedding survivability, mobility, and strategic endurance into the architecture of its deterrent forces.

DRDO and the doctrine of technological sovereignty

The institutional backbone of India’s strategic missile and defense programs rests with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), which has overseen the coordinated development of propulsion systems, guidance technologies, reentry vehicles, and delivery platforms across multiple generations of strategic systems. Operating through an extensive network of laboratories and research centers, DRDO has functioned as the principal integrator of scientific research, industrial production, and military requirements, ensuring that critical technologies remain under national control.

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From the early phases of ballistic missile development to the advancement of intercontinental systems equipped with Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicles, DRDO has pursued a structured program of incremental capability expansion grounded in indigenous design and manufacturing. This framework has enabled India to retain full-cycle control over strategic systems, encompassing conceptual design, materials engineering, propulsion research, flight testing, and serial production. The consolidation of these competencies has reduced reliance on external suppliers in sensitive domains and strengthened the resilience of India’s defense-industrial base.

The emphasis on technological sovereignty has also shaped procurement and production policy, with a sustained priority placed on domestic industrial participation and the localization of critical components. Through close coordination between research institutions, state-owned enterprises, and private-sector manufacturers, DRDO has cultivated a vertically integrated ecosystem capable of supporting both civilian space-launch activities and advanced military applications.

And it is DRDO that is the Indian participant in the joint Russian-Indian BrahMos project.

BrahMos: the flagship of Indo-Russian cooperation

BrahMos is a joint venture between Russia and India, and is regarded as one of the most successful examples of modern military-technical cooperation. Russia’s Oniks missiles are produced using Indian components through the joint enterprise BrahMos Aerospace Pvt. Ltd. The name ‘BrahMos’ is derived from the names of the Brahmaputra River and the Moskva River, symbolizing the shared national interests of the two countries. On the Russian side, the project involves the NPO Mashinostroyeniya rocket design bureau that produces Oniks missiles.

Designed to be versatile and launched from various platforms – ships, submarines,  land and air-based missile systems – the BrahMos missile was first unveiled at the MAKS-2001 airshow. Testing began in 2001, and joint serial production started in January 2004, primarily aimed at equipping the Indian Navy. India handles the final assembly of the missiles, manufactures launchers, and develops its own command and control systems complete with software.

The BrahMos missile is a supersonic cruise missile powered by a solid-fuel booster and a ramjet engine. It is stored in (and launched from) an 8.9-meter long transport-launch container and weighs about three tons. Its operational range is at least 290 km, complying with international missile technology export restrictions. Additionally, efforts are underway to develop an entirely indigenous variant with a range of 400 km. The missile flies at supersonic speeds (exceeding Mach 2.8) and carries a penetrating cumulative warhead weighing up to 300 kg, making it highly effective against ships of any class.

Following deployment on naval vessels, BrahMos missiles have also been integrated into several regiments equipped with mobile ground launchers. Furthermore, the missile is capable of striking not only ships but also land-based radar-contrast targets. BrahMos missiles have been successfully employed during recent skirmishes between India and Pakistan.

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The air-launched version of the BrahMos missile, known as BrahMos-A, has also been recently developed; it is currently undergoing testing. This missile can be carried by the Russian-made Su-30MKI multirole fighter jet. There is a strong possibility that supersonic air-launched BrahMos-A missiles could also be equipped with nuclear warheads. In such a case, India would have dozens of aircraft capable of deploying nuclear missiles without entering the target’s air defense zone. Naturally, a hypersonic maneuverable missile poses a significant challenge for any modern air defense system.

Russian systems and the hypersonic horizon

But that’s not all. It’s quite likely that the next phase of the BrahMos project could involve a joint development of a missile system based on Russia’s Zircon hypersonic missile. Whether this will evolve into the BrahMos-II project remains to be seen, but it’s noteworthy that Zircon missiles are developed by the same Russian design bureau involved in the BrahMos program.

Additionally, India’s air defense arsenal includes advanced Russian S-400 missile defense systems. These systems are capable of striking ground targets at ranges of up to 300 kilometers. The contract for their delivery was signed in 2018. S-400 systems demonstrated exceptional performance in the 2025 conflict. This significantly increased India’s interest in acquiring additional units and in the future, the country may also acquire the more advanced S-500 system.

The coming months will reveal whether there are serious prospects for further collaboration or if India will focus solely on developing its own missile systems. India aims to maintain an independent approach to military-technical cooperation, which rarely involves straightforward arms purchases; instead, India often insists on assembly or local production to gain access to foreign technologies. We will see how this collaboration evolves, and perhaps will even witness new joint missile projects emerging from these efforts.